XXVI. PRINCE OF MERCY, OR SCOTTISH TRINITARIAN. 

WHILE you were veiled in darkness, you heard repeated by the Voice of 
the Great Past its most ancient doctrines. None has the right to object, if 
the Christian Mason sees foreshadowed in Chrishna and Sosiosch, in 
Mithras and Osiris, the Divine WORD that, as he believes, became Man, 
and died upon the cross to redeem a fallen race. Nor can he object if 
others see reproduced, in the WORD of the beloved Disciple, that was in 
the beginning with God, and that was God, and by Whom everything was 
made, only the LOGOS of Plato, and the WORD or Uttered THOUGHT or 
first Emanation of LIGHT, or the Perfect REASON of the Great, Silent, 
Supreme, Uncreated Deity, believed in and adored by all. 
We do not undervalue the importance of any Truth. We utter no word that 
can be deemed irreverent by any one of any faith. We do not tell the 
Moslem that it is only important for him to believe that there is but one 
God, and wholly unessential whether Mahomet was His prophet. We do 
not tell the Hebrew that the Messiah whom he expects was born in 
Bethlehem nearly two thousand years ago; and that he is a heretic 
because he will not so believe. And as little do we tell the sincere 
Christian that Jesus of Nazareth was but a man like us, or His history but 
the unreal revival of an older legend. To do either is beyond our 
jurisdiction. Masonry, of no one age, belongs to all time; of no one 
religion, it finds its great truths in all. 
To every Mason, there is a GOD; ONE, Supreme, Infinite in Goodness, 
Wisdom, Foresight, justice, and Benevolence; Creator, Disposer, and 
Preserver of all things. How, or by what intermediates He creates and 
acts, and in what way He unfolds and manifests Himself, Masonry leaves 
to creeds and Religions to inquire. 
To every Mason, the soul of man is immortal. Whether it
emanates from and will return to God, and what its continued mode of 
existence hereafter, each judges for himself. Masonry was not made to 
settle that. 
To every Mason, WISDOM or INTELLIGENCE, FORCE or STRENGTH, 
and HARMONY, or FITNESS and BEAUTY, are the Trinity of the 
attributes of God. With the subtleties of Philosophy concerning them 
Masonry does not meddle, nor decide as to the reality of the supposed 
Existences which are their Personifications: nor whether the Christian 
Trinity be such a personification, or a Reality of the gravest import and 
significance. 
To every Mason, the Infinite justice and Benevolence of God give ample 
assurance that Evil will ultimately be dethroned, and the Good, the True, 
and the Beautiful reign triumphant and eternal. It teaches, as it feels and 
knows, that Evil, and Pain, and Sorrow exist as part of a wise and 
beneficent plan, all the parts of which work together under God's eye to a 
result which shall be perfection. Whether the existence of evil is rightly 
explained in this creed or in that, by Typhon the Great Serpent, by 
Ahriman and his Armies of Wicked Spirits, by the Giants and Titans that 
war against Heaven, by the two co-existent Principles of Good and Evil, 
by Satan's temptation and the fall of Man, by Lok and the Serpent Fenris, 
it is beyond the domain of Masonry to decide, nor does it need to inquire. 
Nor is it within its Province to determine how the ultimate triumph of Light 
and Truth and Good, over Darkness and Error and Evil, is to be achieved; 
nor whether the Redeemer, looked and longed for by all nations, hath 
appeared in Judea, or is yet to come. 
It reverences all the great reformers. It sees in Moses, the Lawgiver of the 
Jews, in Confucius and Zoroaster, in Jesus of Nazareth, and in the 
Arabian Iconoclast, Great Teachers of Morality, and Eminent Reformers, if 
no more: and allows every brother of the Order to assign to each such 
higher and even Divine Character as his Creed and Truth require. 
Thus Masonry disbelieves no truth, and teaches unbelief in no creed, 
except so far as such creed may lower its lofty estimate of the Deity, 
degrade Him to the level of the passions of humanity, deny the high 
destiny of man, impugn the goodness and benevolence of the Supreme 
God, strike at those great columns of Masonry, Faith, Hope, and Charity, 
or inculcate immorality, and disregard of the active duties of the Order.
Masonry is a worship; but one in which all civilized men can unite; for it 
does not undertake to explain or dogmatically to settle those great 
mysteries, that are above the feeble comprehension of our human 
intellect. It trusts in God, and HOPES; it BELIEVES, like a child, and is 
humble. It draws no sword to compel others to adopt its belief, or to be 
happy with its hopes. Arid it WAITS with patience to understand the 
mysteries of Nature and Nature's God hereafter. 
The greatest mysteries in the Universe are those which are ever going on 
around us; so trite and common to us that we never note them nor reflect 
upon them. Wise men tell us of the laws that regulate the motions of the 
spheres, which, flashing in huge circles and spinning on their axes, are 
also ever darting with inconceivable rapidity through the infinities of 
Space; while we atoms sit here, and dream that all was made for us. They 
tell us learnedly of centripetal and centrifugal forces, gravity and 
attraction, and all the other sounding terms invented to hide a want of 
meaning. There are other forces in the Universe than those that are 
mechanical. 
Here are two minute seeds, not much unlike in appearance, and two of 
larger size. Hand them to the learned Pundit, Chemistry, who tells us how 
combustion goes on in the lungs, and plants are fed with phosphorus and 
carbon, and the alkalies and silex. Let her decompose them, analyze 
them, torture them in all the ways she knows. The net result of each is a 
little sugar, a little fibrin, a little water - carbon, potassium, sodium, and 
the like - one cares not to know what. 
We hide them in the ground: and the slight rains moisten them, and the 
Sun shines upon them, and little slender shoots spring up and grow; - and 
what a miracle is the mere growth! - the force, the power, the capacity by 
which the little feeble shoot, that a small worm can nip off with a single 
snap of its mandibles, extracts from the earth and air and water the 
different elements, so learnedly catalogued, with which it increases in 
stature, and rises imperceptibly toward the sky. 
One grows to be a slender, fragile, feeble stalk, soft of texture, like an 
ordinary weed; another a strong bush, of woody fibre, armed with thorns, 
and sturdy enough to bid defiance to the winds : the third a tender tree, 
subject to be blighted by the frost, and looked down upon by all the forest; 
while another spreads its
rugged arms abroad, and cares for neither frost nor ice, nor the snows that 
for months lie around its roots. 
But lo! out of the brown foul earth, and colorless invisible air, and limpid 
rain-water, the chemistry of the seeds has extracted colors - four different 
shades of green, that paint the leaves which put forth in the spring upon our 
plants, our shrubs, and our trees. Later still come the flowers - the vivid 
colors of the rose, the beautiful brilliance of the carnation, the modest blush 
of the apple, and the splendid white of the orange. Whence come the colors 
of the leaves and flowers? By what process of chemistry are they extracted 
from the carbon, the phosphorus, and the lime? Is it any greater miracle to 
make something out of nothing? 
Pluck the flowers. Inhale the delicious perfumes; each perfect, and all 
delicious. Whence have they come? By what combination of acids and 
alkalies could the chemist's laboratory produce them? 
And now on two comes the fruit - the ruddy apple and the golden orange. 
Pluck them - open them! The texture and fabric how totally different! The 
taste how entirely dissimilar - the perfume of each distinct from its flower 
and from the other. Whence the taste and this new perfume? The same 
earth and air and water have been made to furnish a different taste to each 
fruit, a different perfume not only to each fruit, but to each fruit and its own 
flower. 
Is it any more a problem whence come thought and will and perception and 
all the phenomena of the mind, than this, whence come the colors, the 
perfumes, the taste, of the fruit and flower? 
And lo! in each fruit new seeds, each gifted with the same wondrous power 
of reproduction - each with the same wondrous forces wrapped up in it to 
be again in turn evolved. Forces that had lived three thousand years in the 
grain of wheat found in the wrappings of an Egyptian mummy; forces of 
which learning and science and wisdom know no more than they do of the 
nature and laws of action of God. What can we know of the nature, and 
how can we understand the powers and mode of operation of the human 
soul, when the glossy leaves, the pearl-white flower, and the golden fruit of 
the orange are miracles wholly beyond our comprehension? 
We but hide our ignorance in a cloud of words; - and the words too often are 
mere combinations of sounds without any meaning.
What is the centrifugal force? A tendency to go in a particular direction! What 
external "force," then, produces that tendency? 
What force draws the needle round to the north? What force moves the muscle 
that raises the arm, when the will determines it shall rise? Whence comes the 
will itself? Is it spontaneous - a first cause, or an effect? These too are miracles; 
inexplicable as the creation, or the existence and self-existence of God. 
Who will explain to us the passion, the peevishness, the anger, the memory, and 
affections of the small canary-wren? the consciousness of identity and the 
dreams of the dog? the reasoning powers of the elephant? the wondrous 
instincts, passions, government, and civil policy, and modes of communication of 
ideas of the ant and bee? 
Who has yet made us to understand, with all his learned words, how heat comes 
to us from the Sun, and light from the remote Stars, setting out upon its journey 
earth-ward from some, at the time the Chaldeans commenced to build the Tower 
of Babel? Or how the image of an external object comes to and fixes itself upon 
the retina of the eye; and when there, how that mere empty, unsubstantial image 
becomes transmuted into the wondrous thing that we call SIGHT? Or how the 
waves of the atmosphere striking upon the tympanum of the ear - those thin, 
invisible waves - produce the equally wondrous phenomenon of HEARING, and 
become the roar of the tornado, the crash of the thunder, the mighty voice of the 
ocean, the chirping of the cricket, the delicate sweet notes and exquisite trills 
and variations of the wren and mocking-bird, or the magic melody of the 
instrument of Paganini? 
Our senses are mysteries to us, and we are mysteries to ourselves. Philosophy 
has taught us nothing as to the nature of our sensations, our perceptions, our 
cognizances, the origin of our thoughts and ideas, but words. By no effort or 
degree of reflection, never so long continued, can man become conscious of a 
personal identity in himself, separate and distinct from his body and his brain. 
We torture ourselves in the effort to gain an idea of ourselves, and weary with 
the exertion. Who has yet made us understand how, from the contact with a 
foreign body, the image in the eye, the wave of air impinging on the ear, 
particular particles entering the nostrils, and coming in contact with the palate, 
come sensations in the nerves, and from that, perception in the mind, of the 
animal or the man?
What do we know of Substance? Men even doubt yet whether it exists. 
Philosophers tell us that our senses make known to us only the attributes of 
substance, extension, hardness, color, and the like; but not the thing itself that is 
extended, solid, black or white; as we know the attributes of the Soul, its 
thoughts and its perceptions, and not the Soul itself which perceives and thinks. 
What a wondrous mystery is there in heat and light, existing, we know not how, 
within certain limits, narrow in comparison with infinity, beyond which on every 
side stretch out infinite space and the blackness of unimaginable darkness, and 
the intensity of inconceivable cold! Think only of the mighty Power required to 
maintain warmth and light in the central point of such an infinity, to whose 
darkness that of Midnight, to whose cold that of the last Arctic Island is nothing. 
And yet GOD is everywhere. 
And what a mystery are the effects of heat and cold upon the wondrous fluid that 
we call water! What a mystery lies hidden in every flake of snow and in every 
crystal of ice, and in their final transformation into the invisible vapor that rises 
from the ocean or the land, and floats above the summits of the mountains! 
What a multitude of wonders, indeed, has chemistry unveiled to our eyes! Think 
only that if some single law enacted by God were at once repealed, that of 
attraction or affinity or cohesion, for example, the whole material world, with its 
solid granite and adamant, its veins of gold and silver, its trap and porphyry, its 
huge beds of coal, our own frames and the very ribs and bones of this 
apparently indestructible earth, would instantaneously dissolve, with all Suns 
and Stars and Worlds throughout all the Universe of God, into a thin invisible 
vapor of infinitely minute particles or atoms, diffused throughout infinite space; 
and with them light and heat would disappear; unless the Deity Himself be, as 
the Ancient Persians thought, the Eternal Light and the Immortal Fire. 
The mysteries of the Great Universe of God! How can we with our limited mental 
vision expect to grasp and comprehend them! Infinite SPACE, stretching out 
from us every way, without limit: infinite TIME, without beginning or end; and 
WE, HERE, and NOW, in the centre of each! An infinity of suns, the nearest of 
which only diminish in size, viewed with the most powerful telescope: each with 
its retinue of worlds; infinite numbers of such suns, so remote from us that their 
light would not reach us, journeying during an infinity of time, while the light that 
has
reached us, from some that we seem to see, has been upon its journey for 
fifty centuries: our world spinning upon its axis, and rushing ever in its 
circuit round the sun; and it, the sun, and all our system revolving round 
some great central point; and that, and suns, stars, and worlds evermore 
flashing onward with incredible rapidity through illimitable space: and 
then, in every drop of water that we drink, in every morsel of much of our 
food, in the air, in the earth, in the sea, incredible multitudes of living 
creatures, invisible to the naked eye, of a minuteness beyond belief, yet 
organized, living, feeding, perhaps with consciousness of identity, and 
memory and instinct. 
Such are some of the mysteries of the great Universe of God. And yet we, 
whose life and that of the world on which we live form but a point in the 
centre of infinite Time: we, who nourish animalculæ within, and on whom 
vegetables grow without, would fain learn how God created this Universe, 
would understand His Powers, His Attributes, His Emanations, His Mode 
of Existence and of Action; would fain know the plan according to which 
all events proceed, that plan profound as God Himself; would know the 
laws by which He controls His Universe; would fain see and talk to Him 
face to face, as man talks to man: and we try not to believe, because we 
do not understand. 
He commands us to love one another, to love our neighbor as ourself; 
and we dispute and wrangle, and hate and slay each other, because we 
cannot be of one opinion as to the Essence of His Nature, as to His 
Attributes; whether He became man born of a woman, and was crucified; 
whether the Holy Ghost is of the same substance with the Father, or only 
of a similar substance; whether a feeble old man is God's Vicegerent; 
whether some are elected from all eternity to be saved, and others to be 
condemned and punished; whether punishment of the wicked after death 
is to be eternal; whether this doctrine or the other be heresy or truth;- 
drenching the world with blood, depopulating realms, and turning fertile 
lands into deserts; until, for religious war, persecution, and bloodshed, the 
Earth for many a century has rolled round the Sun, a charnel-house, 
steaming and reeking with human gore, the blood of brother slain by 
brother for opinion's sake, that has soaked into and polluted all her veins, 
and made her a horror to her sisters of the Universe. 
And if men were all Masons, and obeyed with all their heart
her mild and gentle, teachings, that world would be a paradise; while 
intolerance and persecution make of it a hell. For this is the Masonic 
Creed: BELIEVE, in God's Infinite Benevolence, Wisdom, and Justice: 
HOPE, for the final triumph of Good over Evil, and for Perfect Harmony as 
the final result of all the concords and discords of the Universe: and be 
CHARITABLE as God is, toward the unfaith, the errors, the follies, and 
the faults of men: for all make one great brotherhood. 
INSTRUCTION. 
Sen.·. W.·. Brother Junior Warden, are you a Prince of Mercy? 
Jun.·. W.·. I have seen the Delta and the Holy NAMES upon it, and am an 
AMETH like yourself, in the TRIPLE COVENANT, Of which we bear the 
mark. 
Qu.·. What is the first Word upon the Delta? 
Ans.·. The Ineffable Name of Deity, the true mystery of which is known to 
the Ameth alone. 
Qu.·. What do the three sides of the Delta denote to us? 
Ans.·. To us, and to all Masons, the three Great Attributes or 
Developments of the Essence of the Deity; WISDOM, or the Reflective 
and Designing Power, in which, when there was naught but God, the Plan 
and Idea of the Universe was shaped and Formed: FORCE, or the 
Executing and Creating Power, which instantaneously acting, realized the 
Type and Idea framed by Wisdom; and the Universe, and all Stars and 
Worlds, and Light and Life, and Men and Angels and all living creatures 
WERE; and HARMONY, or the Preserving Power, Order, and Beauty, 
maintaining the Universe in its State, and constituting the law of Harmony, 
Motion, Proportion, and Progression:- WISDOM, which thought the plan; 
STRENGTH, which created: HARMONY, which upholds and preserves:- 
the Masonic Trinity, three Powers and one Essence: the three columns 
which support the Universe, Physical, Intellectual, and Spiritual, of which 
every Masonic Lodge is a type and symbol:- while to the Christian Mason, 
they represent the Three that bear record in Heaven, the FATHER 
WORD, and the HOLY SPIRIT, which three are ONE. 
Qu.·. What do the three Greek letters upon the Delta, I.·.H.·. .·. [Iota, Eta, 
and Sigma] represent? 
Ans.·. Three of the Names of the Supreme Deity among the Syrians. 
Phœnicians and Hebrews…. IHUH [ ] Self-Ex
istence ... AL [ ] the Nature-God, or Soul of the Universe... SHADAI 
[ ] Supreme Power. Also three of the Six Chief Attributes of God, 
among the Kabbalists:- WISDOM [IEH], the Intellect, ( ) of the 
Egyptians, the Word ( ) of the Platonists, and the Wisdom ( ) of the 
Gnostics: MAGNIFICENCE [AL], the Symbol of which was the Lion's 
Head: and VICTORY and GLORY [Tsabaoth], which are the two columns 
JACHIN and BOAZ, that stand in the Portico of the Temple of Masonry. 
To the Christian Mason they are the first three letters of the name of the 
Son of God, Who died upon the cross to redeem mankind. 
Qu.·. What is the first of the THREE COVENANTS, of which we bear the 
mark? 
Ans.·. That which God made with Noah; when He said, "I will not again 
curse the earth any more for man's sake, neither will I smite any more 
everything living as I have done. While the Earth remaineth, seed-time 
and harvest, and cold and heat, and Winter and Summer, and day and 
night shall not cease. I will establish My covenant with you, and with your 
seed after you, and with every living creature. All mankind shall no more 
be cut off by the waters of a flood, nor shall there any more be a flood to 
destroy the earth. This is the token of My covenant: I do set My bow in the 
cloud, and it shall be for a token of a covenant between Me and the earth: 
an everlasting covenant between Me and every living creature on the 
earth." 
Qu.·. What is the second of the Three Covenants? 
Ans.·. That which God made with Abraham; when He said, "I am the 
Absolute Uncreated God. I will make My covenant between Me and thee, 
and thou shalt be the Father of Many Nations, and Kings shall come from 
thy loins. I will establish My covenant between Me and thee, and thy 
descendants after thee, to the remotest generations, for an everlasting 
covenant; and I will be thy God and their God, and will give thee the land 
of Canaan for an everlasting possession." 
Qu.·. What is the third Covenant? 
Ans.·. That which God made with all men by His prophets; when He said: 
"I will gather all nations and tongues, and they shall come and see My 
Glory. I will create new Heavens and a new earth; and the former shall not 
be remembered, nor come into mind. The Sun shall no more shine by 
day, nor the Moon by night; but the Lord shall be an everlasting light and 
splendor,
His Spirit and His Word shall remain with men forever. The heavens shall 
vanish away like vapor, and the earth shall wax old like a garment, and 
they that dwell therein shall die; but my salvation shall be forever, and my 
righteousness shall not end; and there shall be Light among the Gentiles, 
and salvation unto the ends of the earth. The redeemed of the Lord shall 
return, and everlasting joy be on their heads, and sorrow and mourning 
shall flee away." 
Qu.·. What is the symbol of the Triple Covenant? 
Ans.·. The Triple Triangle. 
Qu.·. Of what else is it the symbol to us? 
Ans.·. Of the Trinity of Attributes of the Deity; and of the triple essence of 
Man, the Principle of Life, the Intellectual Power, and the Soul or Immortal 
Emanation from the Deity. 
Qu.·. What is the first great Truth of the Sacred Mysteries? 
Ans.·. No man hath seen God at any time. He is One, Eternal, All- 
Powerful, All-Wise, Infinitely just, Merciful, Benevolent, and 
Compassionate, Creator and Preserver of all things, the Source of Light 
and Life, coextensive with Time and Space; Who thought, and with the 
Thought created the Universe and all living things, and the souls of men: 
THAT IS: - the PERMANENT; while everything beside is a perpetual 
genesis. 
Qu.·. '"That is the second great Truth of the Sacred Mysteries? 
Ans.·. The Soul of Man is Immortal; not the result of organization, nor an 
aggregate of modes of action of matter, nor a succession of phenomena 
and perceptions; but an EXISTENCE, one and identical, a living spirit, a 
spark of the Great Central Light, that hath entered info and dwells in the 
body; to be separated therefrom at death, and return to God who gave it: 
that doth not disperse nor vanish at death, like breath or a smoke, nor can 
be annihilated; but still exists and possesses activity and intelligence, 
even as it existed in God, before it was enveloped in the body. 
Qu.·. What is the third great Truth in Masonry? 
Ans.·. The impulse which directs to right conduct, and deters from crime, 
is not only older than the ages of nations and cities, but coeval with that 
Divine Being Who sees and rules both Heaven and earth. Nor did Tarquin 
less violate that Eternal Law, though in his reign there might have been 
no written law at Rome against such violence; for the principle that impels 
us to right conduct, and warns us against guilt, springs out of the nature 
of things. It did not begin to be law when it was first written, nor
was it originated; but it is coeval with the Divine Intelligence itself. The 
consequence of virtue is not to be made the end thereof ; and laudable 
performances must have deeper roots, motives, and instigations, to give 
them the stamp of virtues. 
Qu.·. What is the fourth great Truth in Masonry? 
Ans.·. The moral truths are as absolute as the metaphysical truths. Even 
the Deity cannot make it that there should be effects without a cause, or 
phenomena without substance. As little could he make it to be sinful and 
evil to respect our pledged word, to love truth, to moderate our passions. 
The principles of Morality are axioms, like the principles of Geometry. The 
moral laws are the necessary relations that flow from the nature of things, 
and they are not created by, but have existed eternally in God. Their 
continued existence does not depend upon the exercise of His WILL. 
Truth and Justice are of His ESSENCE. Not because we are feeble and 
God omnipotent, is it our duty to obey His law. We may be forced, but are 
not under obligation, to obey the stronger. God is the principle of Morality, 
but not by His mere will, which, abstracted from all other of His attributes, 
would be neither just nor unjust. Good is the expression of His will, in so 
far as that will is itself the expression of eternal, absolute, uncreated 
justice, which is in God, which His will did not create; but which it 
executes and promulgates, as our will proclaims and promulgates and 
executes the idea of the good which is in us. He has given us the law of 
Truth and justice; but He has not arbitrarily instituted that law. justice is 
inherent in His will, because it is contained in His intelligence and 
wisdom, in His very nature and most intimate essence. 
Qu.·. What is the fifth great Truth in Masonry? 
Ans.·. There is an essential distinction between Good and Evil, what is 
just and what is unjust; and to this distinction is attached, for every 
intelligent and free creature, the absolute obligation of conforming to what 
is good and just. Man is an intelligent and free being, - free, because he is 
conscious that it is his duty, and because it is made his duty, to obey the 
dictates of truth and justice, and therefore he must necessarily have the 
power of doing so, which involves the power of not doing so; - capable of 
comprehending the distinction between good and evil, justice and 
injustice, and the obligation which accompanies it, and of naturally 
adhering to that obligation, independently of any con-
tract or positive law; capable also of resisting the temptations which urge 
him toward evil and injustice, and of complying with the sacred law of 
eternal justice. 
That man is not governed by a resistless Fate or inexorable Destiny; but 
is free to choose between the evil and the good: that justice and Right, 
the Good and Beautiful, are of the essence of the Divinity, like His 
Infinitude; and therefore they are laws to man: that we are conscious of 
our freedom to act, as we are conscious of our identity, and the 
continuance and connectedness of our existence; and have the same 
evidence of one as of the other; and if we can put one in doubt, we have 
no certainty of either, and everything is unreal: that we can deny our free 
will and free agency, only upon the ground that they are in the nature of 
things impossible; which would be to deny the Omnipotence of God. 
Qu.·. What is the sixth great Truth of Masonry? 
Ans.·. The necessity of practising the moral truths, is obligation. The 
moral truths, necessary in the eye of reason, are obligatory on the will. 
The moral obligation, like the moral truth that is its foundation, is absolute. 
As the necessary truths are not more or less necessary, so the obligation 
is not more or less obligatory. There are degrees of importance among 
different obligations; but none in the obligation itself. We are not nearly 
obliged, almost obliged. We are wholly so, or not at all. If there be any 
place of refuge to which we can escape from the obligation, it ceases to 
exist. If the obligation is absolute, it is immutable and universal. For if that 
of to-day may not be that of to-morrow, if what is obligatory on me may not 
be obligatory on you, the obligation would differ from itself, and be 
variable and contingent. This fact is the principle of all morality. That 
every act contrary to right and justice, deserves to be repressed by force, 
and punished when committed, equally in the absence of any law or 
contract: that man naturally recognizes the distinction between the merit 
and demerit of actions, as he does that between justice and injustice, 
honesty and dishonesty; and feels, without being taught, and in the 
absence of law or contract, that it is wrong for vice to be rewarded or go 
unpunished, and for virtue to be punished or left unrewarded: and that, 
the Deity being infinitely just and good, it must follow as a necessary and 
inflexible law that punishment shall be the result of Sin, its inevitable and 
natural effect and corollary, and not a mere arbitrary vengeance.
Qu.·. What is the seventh great Truth in Masonry? 
Ans.·. The immutable law of God requires, that besides respecting the 
absolute rights of others, and being merely just, we should do good, be 
charitable, and obey the dictates of the generous and noble sentiments of 
the soul. Charity is a law, because our conscience is not satisfied nor at 
ease if we have not relieved the suffering, the distressed, and the 
destitute. It is to give that which he to whom you give has no right to take 
or demand. To be charitable is obligatory on us. We are the Almoners of 
God's bounties. But the obligation is not so precise and inflexible as the 
obligation to be just. Charity knows neither rule nor limit. It goes beyond 
all obligation. Its beauty consists in its liberty. "He that loveth not, knoweth 
not God; FOR GOD IS LOVE. If we love one another, God dwelleth in us, 
and His love is perfected in us. God is love; and he that dwelleth in love, 
dwelleth in God, and God in him." To be kindly affectioned one to another 
with brotherly love; to relieve the necessities of the needy, and be 
generous, liberal, and hospitable; to return to no man evil for evil ; to 
rejoice at the good fortune of others, and sympathize with them in their 
sorrows and reverses; to live peaceably with all men, and repay injuries 
with benefits and kindness; these are the sublime dictates of the Moral 
Law, taught from the infancy of the world, by Masonry. 
Qu.·. What is the eighth great Truth in Masonry? 
Ans.·. That the law which control and regulate the Universe of God, are 
those of motion and harmony. We see only the isolated, incidents of 
things, and with our feeble and limited capacity and, vision cannot discern 
their connection, nor the mighty chords, that make the apparent discord 
perfect harmony. Evil is merely apparent, and all is in reality good and 
perfect. For pain and sorrow, persecution and hardships, affliction and 
destitution, sickness and death are but the means, by which alone the 
noblest, virtues could be developed. Without them, and without sin and 
error, and wrong and outrage, as there can be no effect without an 
adequate cause, there could be neither patience under suffering and 
distress; nor prudence in difficulty; nor temperance to avoid excess; nor 
courage to meet danger; nor truth, when to speak the truth is hazardous; 
nor love, when it is met with ingratitude; nor charity for the needy and 
destitute; nor forbearance and forgiveness of injuries; nor toleration of 
erroneous opinions; nor charitable judgment and construction of men's 
motives and
actions; nor patriotism, nor heroism, nor honor, nor self-denial, nor 
generosity. These and most other virtues and excellencies would have no 
existence, and even their names be unknown; and the poor virtues that 
still existed, would scarce deserve the name; for life would be one flat, 
dead, low level, above which none of the lofty elements of human nature 
would emerge; and man would lie lapped in contented indolence and 
idleness, a mere worthless negative, instead of the brave, strong soldier 
against the grim legions of Evil and rude Difficulty. 
Qu.·. What is the ninth great Truth in Masonry? 
Ans.·. The great leading doctrine of this Degree;- that the JUSTICE, the 
WISDOM, and the MERCY of God are alike infinite, alike perfect, and yet 
do not in the least jar nor conflict one with the other; but form a Great 
Perfect Trinity of Attributes, three and yet one: that, the principle of merit 
and demerit being absolute, and every good action deserving to be 
rewarded, and every bad one to be punished, and God being as just as 
He is good; and yet the cases constantly recurring in this world, in which 
crime and cruelty, oppression, tyranny, and injustice are prosperous, 
happy, fortunate, and self-contented, and rule and reign, and enjoy all the 
blessings of God's beneficence, while the virtuous and good are 
unfortunate, miserable, destitute, pining away in dungeons, perishing with 
cold, and famishing with hunger, slaves of oppression, and instruments 
and victims of the miscreants that govern; so that this world, if there were 
no existence beyond it, would be one great theatre of wrong and injustice, 
proving God wholly disregardful of His own necessary law of merit and 
demerit; - it follows that there must be another life in which these apparent 
wrongs shall be repaired: That all the powers of man's soul tend to 
infinity; and his indomitable instinct of immortality, and the universal hope 
of another life, testified by all creeds, all poetry, all traditions, establish its 
certainty; for man is not an orphan; but hath a Father near at hand: and 
the day must come when Light and Truth, and the just and Good shall be 
victorious, and Darkness, Error, Wrong, and Evil be annihilated, and 
known no more forever: That the Universe is one great Harmony, in 
which, according to the faith of all nations, deep-rooted in all hearts in the 
primitive ages, Light will ultimately prevail over Darkness, and the Good 
Principle over the Evil: and the myriad souls that have emanated from the 
Divinity, purified and ennobled by the struggle
here below, will again return to perfect bliss in the bosom of God, to offend 
against Whose laws will then be no longer possible. 
Qu.·. What, then, is the one great lesson taught to us, as Masons, in this 
Degree? 
Ans.·. That to that state and realm of Light and Truth and Perfection, which 
is absolutely certain, all the good men on earth are tending; and if there is a 
law from whose operation none are exempt, which inevitably conveys their 
bodies to darkness and to dust, there is another not less certain nor less 
powerful, which conducts their spirits to that state of Happiness and 
Splendor and Perfection, the bosom of their Father and their God. The 
wheels of Nature are not made to roll backward. Everything presses on to 
Eternity. From the birth of Time an impetuous current has set in, which 
bears all the sons of men toward that interminable ocean. Meanwhile, 
Heaven is attracting to itself whatever is cogenial to its nature, is enriching 
itself by the spoils of the Earth, and collecting within its capacious bosom 
whatever is pure, permanent, and divine, leaving nothing for the last fire to 
consume but the gross matter that creates concupiscence; while everything 
fit for that good fortune shall be gathered and selected from the ruins of the 
world, to adorn that Eternal City. 
Let every Mason then obey the voice that calls him thither. Let us seek the 
things that are above, and be not content with a world that must shortly 
perish, and which we must speedily quit, while we neglect to prepare for 
that in which we are invited to dwell forever. While everything within us and 
around us reminds us of the approach of death, and concurs to teach us 
that this is., not our rest, let us hasten our preparations for another world, 
and earnestly implore that help and strength from our Father, which alone 
can put an end to that fatal war which our desires have too long waged with 
our destiny. When these move in the same, direction, and that which God's 
will renders unavoidable shall become our choice, all things will be ours; 
life will be divested of its vanity, and death disarmed of its terrors. 
Qu.·. What are the symbols of the purification necessary to make us perfect 
Masons? 
Ans.·. Lavation with pure water, or baptism; because to cleanse the body is 
emblematical of purifying the soul; and because it conduces to the bodily 
health, and virtue is the health of the soul, as sin and vice are its malady 
and sickness:- unction, or anoint-
ing with oil; because thereby we are set apart and dedicated to the 
service and priesthood of the Beautiful, the True, and the Good:- and 
robes of white, emblems of candor, purity, and truth. 
Qu.·. What is to us the chief symbol of man's ultimate redemption and 
regeneration? 
Ans.·. The fraternal supper, of bread which nourishes, and of wine which 
refreshes and exhilarates, symbolical of the time which is to come, when 
all mankind shall be one great harmonious brotherhood; and teaching us 
these great lessons: that as matter changes ever, but no single atom is 
annihilated, it is not rational to suppose that the far nobler soul does not 
continue to exist beyond the grave: that many thousands who have died 
before us might claim to be joint owners with ourselves of the particles 
that compose our mortal bodies; for matter ever forms new combinations; 
and the bodies of the ancient dead, the patriarchs before and since the 
flood, the kings and common people of all ages, resolved into their 
constituent elements, are carried upon the wind over all continents, and 
continually enter into and form part of the habitations of new souls, 
creating new bonds of sympathy and brotherhood between each man that 
lives and all his race. And thus, in the bread we eat, and in the wine we 
drink to-night may enter into and form part of us the identical particles of 
matter that once formed parts of the material bodies called Moses, 
Confucius, Plato, Socrates, or Jesus of Nazareth. In the truest sense, we 
eat and drink the bodies of the dead; and cannot say that there is a single 
atom of our blood or body, the ownership of which some other soul might 
not dispute with us. It teaches us also the infinite beneficence of God who 
sends us seedtime and harvest each in its season, and makes His 
showers to fall and His sun to shine alike upon the evil and the good: 
bestowing upon us unsolicited His innumerable blessings, and asking no 
return. For there are no angels stationed upon the watchtowers of 
creation to call the world to prayer and sacrifice; but He bestows His 
benefits in silence, like a kind friend who comes at night, and, leaving his 
gifts at the door, to be found by us in the morning, goes quietly away and 
asks no thanks, nor ceases his kind offices for our ingratitude. And thus 
the bread and wine teach us that our Mortal Body is no more WE than the 
house in which we live, or the garments that we wear; but the Soul is I, 
the ONE, identical, unchangeable, immortal emanation from the Diety, to
return to God and be forever happy, in His good time; as our mortal 
bodies, dissolving, return to the elements from which they came, their 
particles coining and going ever in perpetual genesis. To our Jewish 
Brethren, this supper is symbolical of the Passover: to the Christian 
Mason, of that eaten by Christ and His Disciples, when, celebrating the 
Passover, He broke bread and gave it to them, saying, "Take! eat! this is 
My body:" and giving them the cup, He said, "Drink ye all of it! for this is 
My blood of the New Testament, which is shed for many for the remission 
of sins;" thus symbolizing the perfect harmony and union between Himself 
and the faithful; and His death upon the cross for the salvation of man. 
The history of Masonry is the history of Philosophy. Masons do not 
pretend to set themselves up for instructors of the human race: but, 
though Asia produced and preserved the Mysteries, Masonry has, in 
Europe and America, given regularity to their doctrines, spirit, and action, 
and developed the moral advantages which mankind may reap from them. 
More consistent, and more simple in its mode of procedure, it has put an 
end to the vast allegorical pantheon of ancient mythologies, and itself 
become a science. 
None can deny that Christ taught a lofty morality. "Love one another: 
forgive those that despitefully use you and persecute you: be pure of 
heart, meek, humble, contented: lay not up riches on earth, but in 
Heaven: submit to the powers lawfully over you: become like these little 
children, or ye cannot be saved, for of such is the Kingdom of Heaven: 
forgive the repentant; and cast no stone at the sinner, if you too have 
sinned: do unto others as ye would have others do unto you:" such, and 
not abstruse questions of theology, were His simple and sublime 
teachings. 
The early Christians followed in His footsteps. The first preachers of the 
faith had no thought of domination. Entirely animated by His saying, that 
he among them should be first, who should serve with the greatest 
devotion, they were humble, modest, and charitable, and they knew how 
to communicate this spirit of the inner man to the churches under their 
direction. These churches were at first but spontaneous meetings of all 
Christians inhabiting the same locality. A pure and severe morality, 
mingled with religious enthusiasm, was the characteristic of each, and 
excited the admiration even of their persecutors. Everything was
in common among them; their property, their joys, and their sorrows. In 
the silence of night they met for instruction and to pray together. Their 
love-feasts, or fraternal repasts, ended these reunions, in which all 
differences in social position and rank were effaced in the presence of a 
paternal Divinity. Their sole object was to make men better, by bringing 
them back to a simple worship, of which universal morality was the basis; 
and to end those numerous and cruel sacrifices which everywhere 
inundated with blood the altars of the gods. Thus did Christianity reform 
the world, and obey the teachings of its founder. It gave to woman her 
proper rank and influence; it regulated domestic life; and by admitting the 
slaves to the love-feasts, it by degrees raised them above that oppression 
under which half of mankind had groaned for ages. 
This, in its purity, as taught by Christ Himself, was the true primitive 
religion, as communicated by God to the Patriarchs. It was no new 
religion, but the reproduction of the oldest of all; and its true and perfect 
morality is the morality of Masonry, as is the morality of every creed of 
antiquity. 
In the early days of Christianity, there was an initiation like those of the 
pagans. Persons were admitted on special conditions only. To arrive at a 
complete knowledge of the doctrine, they had to pass three degrees of 
instruction. The initiates were consequently divided into three classes; the 
first, Auditors, the second, Catechumens, and the third, the Faithful. The 
Auditors were a sort of novices, who were prepared by certain 
ceremonies and certain instruction to receive the dogmas of Christianity. 
A portion of these dogmas was made known to the Catechumens; who, 
after particular purifications, received baptism, or the initiation of the 
theogenesis (divine generation); but in the grand mysteries of that 
religion, the incarnation, nativity, passion, and resurrection of Christ, none 
were initiated but the Faithful. These doctrines, and the celebration of the 
Holy Sacraments, particularly the Eucharist, were kept with profound 
secrecy. These Mysteries were divided into two parts; the first styled the 
Mass of the Catechumens; the second, the Mass of the Faithful. The 
celebration of the Mysteries of Mithras was also styled a mass; and the 
ceremonies used were the same. There were found all the sacraments of 
the Catholic Church, even the breath of confirmation. The Priest of 
Mithras promised the Initiates deliverance from sin, by means

of confession and baptism, and a future life of happiness or misery. He 
celebrated the oblation of bread, image of the resurrection. The baptism 
of newly-born children, extreme unction, confession of sins, - all belonged 
to the Mithriac rites. The candidate was purified by a species of baptism, 
a mark was impressed upon his forehead, he offered bread and water, 
pronouncing certain mysterious words. 
During the persecutions in the early ages of Christianity, the Christians 
took refuge in the vast catacombs which stretched for miles in every 
direction under the city of Rome, and are supposed to have been of 
Etruscan origin. There, amid labyrinthine windings, deep caverns, hidden 
chambers, chapels, and tombs, the persecuted fugitives found refuge, 
and there they performed the ceremonies of the Mysteries. 
The Basilideans, a sect of Christians that arose soon after the time of the 
Apostles, practised the Mysteries, with the old Egyptian legend. They 
symbolized Osiris by the Sun, Isis by the Moon, and Typhon by Scorpio; 
and wore crystals bearing these emblems, as amulets or talismans to 
protect them from danger; upon which were also a brilliant star and the 
serpent. They were copied from the talismans of Persia and Arabia, and 
given to every candidate, at his initiation. 
Irenæaus tells us that the Simonians, one of the earliest sects of the 
Gnostics, had a Priesthood of the Mysteries. 
Tertullian tells us that the Valentinians, the most celebrated of all the 
Gnostic schools, imitated, or rather perverted, the Mysteries of Eleusis. 
Irenæaus informs us, in several curious chapters, of the Mysteries 
practised by the Marcosians; and Origen gives, much information as to 
the Mysteries of the Ophites; and there is no doubt that all the Gnostic 
sects had Mysteries and an initiation. They all claimed to possess a 
secret doctrine, coming to them directly from Jesus Christ, different from 
that of the Gospels and Epistles, and superior to those communications, 
which in their eyes, were merely exoteric. This secret doctrine they did not 
communicate to every one; and among the extensive sect of the 
Basilideans hardly one in a thousand knew it, as we learn from Irenæaus. 
We know the name of only the highest class of their Initiates. They were 
], and Strangers to the World [ styled Elect or Elus [ ]. 
They had at lest three Degrees - the Material, the Intellectual, and the 
Spiritual
and the lesser and greater Mysteries; and the number of those who attained the 
highest Degree was quite small. 
Baptism was one of their most important ceremonies; and the Basilideans celebrated 
the 10th of January, as the anniversary of the day on which Christ was baptized in 
Jordan. 
They had the ceremony of laying on of hands, by way of purification; and that of the 
mystic banquet, emblem of that to which they believed the Heavenly Wisdom would 
]. one day admit them, in the fullness of things [ 
Their ceremonies were much more like those of the Christians than those of Greece; 
but they mingled with them much that was borrowed from the Orient and Egypt: and 
taught the primitive truths, mixed with a multitude of fantastic errors and fictions. 
The discipline of the secret was the concealment (occultatio) of certain tenets and 
ceremonies. So says Clemens of Alexandria. 
To avoid persecution, the early Christians were compelled to use great precaution, 
and to hold meetings of the Faithful [of the Household of Faith] in private places, 
under concealment by darkness, They assembled in the night, and they guarded 
against the intrusion of false brethren and profane persons, spies who might cause 
their arrest. They conversed together figuratively, and by the use of symbols, lest 
cowans and eavesdroppers might overhear: and there existed among them a favored 
class, or Order, who were initiated into certain Mysteries which they were bound by 
solemn promise not to disclose, or even converse about, except with such as had 
received them under the same sanction. They were called Brethren, the Faithful, 
Stewards of the Mysteries, Superintendents, Devotees of the Secret, and 
ARCHITECTS. 
In the Hierarchiœ, attributed to St. Dionysius the Areopagite, the first Bishop of 
Athens, the tradition of the sacrament is said to have been divided into three 
Degrees, or grades, purification, initiation, and accomplishment or perfection; and it 
mentions also, as part of the ceremony, the bringing to sight. 
The Apostolic Constitutions, attributed to Clemens, Bishop of Rome, describe the 
early church, and say: "These regulations must on no account be communicated to all 
sorts of persons, because of the Mysteries contained in them." They speak of the 
Deacon's duty to keep the doors, that none uninitiated should enter at the oblation. 
Ostiarii, or doorkeepers, kept guard, and gave notice of the time of prayer and churchassemblies; 
and also by private
signal, in times of persecution, gave notice to those within, toe able them to avoid 
danger. The Mysteries were open to the Fideles or Faithful only; and no spectators 
were allowed at the communion. 
Tertullian, who died about A. D. 216, says in his Apology: "None are admitted to 
the religious Mysteries without an oath of secrecy. We appeal to your Thracian 
and Eleusinian Mysteries; and we are especially bound to this caution, because if 
we prove faithless, we should not only provoke Heaven, but draw upon our heads 
the utmost rigor of human displeasure. And should strangers betray us? They 
know nothing but by report and hearsay. Far hence, ye Profane! is the prohibition 
from all holy Mysteries." 
Clemens, Bishop of Alexandria, born about A.D. 191, says, in his Stromata, that 
he cannot explain the Mysteries, because he should thereby, according to the old 
proverb, put a sword into the hands of a child. He frequently compares the 
Discipline of the Secret with the heathen Mysteries, as to their internal and 
recondite wisdom. 
Whenever the early Christians happened to be in company with strangers, more 
properly termed the Profane, they never spoke of their sacraments, but indicated 
to one another what they meant by means of symbols and secret watchwords, 
disguisedly, and as by direct communication of mind with mind, and by enigmas. 
Origen, born A.D. 134 or 135, answering Celsus, who had objected that the 
Christians had a concealed doctrine said: "Inasmuch as the essential and 
important doctrines and principles of Christianity are openly taught, it is foolish to 
object that there are other things that are recondite; for this is common to Christian 
discipline with that of those philosophers in whose teaching some things were 
exoteric and some esoteric: and it is enough to say that it was so with some of the 
disciples of Pythagoras." 
The formula which the primitive church pronounced at the moment of celebrating 
its Mysteries, was this: "Depart, ye Profane! Let the Catechumens, and those who 
have not been admitted or initiated, go forth." 
Archelaus, Bishop of Cascara in Mesopotamia, who, in the year 278, conducted a 
controversy with the Manichaeans, said: "These Mysteries the church now 
communicates to him who has passed through the introductory Degree. They are 
not explained to the Gentiles at all; nor are they taught openly in the hearing of 
Catechumens: but much that is spoken is in disguised terms that the
Faithful [ ], who possess the knowledge, may be still more informed, 
and those who are not acquainted with it, may suffer no disadvantage." 
Cyril, Bishop of Jerusalem, was born in the year 315, and died in 386. In 
his Catechesis he says: "The Lord spake in parables to His hearers in 
general; but to His disciples He explained in private the parables and 
allegories which He spoke in public. The splendor of glory is for those 
who are early enlightened: obscurity and darkness are the portion of the 
unbelievers and ignorant. Just so the church discovers its Mysteries to 
those who have advanced beyond the class of Catechumens: we employ 
obscure terms with others." 
St. Basil, the Great Bishop of Cæsarea, born in the year 326, and dying in 
the year 376, says: "We receive the dogmas transmitted to us by writing, 
and those which have descended to us from the Apostles, beneath the 
mystery of oral tradition: for several things have been handed to us 
without writing, lest the vulgar, too familiar with our dogmas, should lose a 
due respect for them. . . . This is what the uninitiated are not permitted to 
contemplate; and how should it ever be proper to write and circulate 
among the people an account of them?" 
St. Gregory Nazianzen, Bishop of Constantinople, A.D. 379, says: "You 
have heard as much of the Mystery as we are allowed to speak openly in 
the ears of all; the rest will be communicated to you in private; and that 
you must retain within yourself. …. Our Mysteries are not to be made 
known to strangers." 
St. Ambrose, Archbishop of Milan, who was born in 340, and died in 393, 
says in his work De Mysteriis: "All the Mystery should be kept concealed, 
guarded by faithful silence, lest it should be inconsiderately divulged to 
the ears of the Profane . . . . . It is not given to all to contemplate the 
depths of our Mysteries …. that they may not be seen by those who ought 
not to behold them; nor received by those who cannot preserve them." 
And in another work: "He sins against God, who divulges to the unworthy 
the Mysteries confided to him. The danger is not merely in violating truth, 
but in telling truth, if he allow himself to give hints of them to those from 
whom they ought to be concealed Beware of casting pearls before swine! 
.... Every Mystery ought to be kept secret; and, as it were, to be covered 
over by silence, lest it should rashly
be divulged to the ears of the Profane. Take heed that you do not 
incautiously reveal the Mysteries!" 
St. Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, who was born in 347, and died in 430, says 
in one of his discourses: "Having dismissed the Catechumens, we have 
retained you only to be our hearers; because, besides those things which 
belong to all Christians in common, we are now to discourse to you of 
sublime Mysteries, which none are qualified to hear, but those who, by the 
Master's favor, are made partakers of them….To have taught them openly, 
would have been to betray them." And he refers to the Ark of the Covenant, 
and says that it signified a Mystery, or secret of God, shadowed over by the 
cherubim of glory, and honored by being veiled. 
St. Chrysostom and St. Augustine speak of initiation more than fifty times. St. 
Ambrose writes to those who are initiated; and initiation was not merely 
baptism, or admission into the church, but it referred to initiation into the 
Mysteries. To the baptized and initiated the Mysteries of religion were 
unveiled; they were kept secret from the Catechumens; who were permitted 
to hear the Scriptures read and the ordinary discourses delivered, in which 
the Mysteries, reserved for the Faithful, were never treated of. When the 
services and prayers were ended, the Catechumens and spectators all 
withdrew. 

Chrysostom, Bishop of Constantinople, was born in 354, and died in 417. He 
says: "I wish to speak openly: but I dare not, on account of those who are not 
initiated. I shall therefore avail myself of disguised terms, discoursing in a 
shadowy manner ..... Where the holy Mysteries are celebrated, we drive 
away all uninitiated persons, and then close the doors." He mentions the 
acclamations of the initiated; "which," he says, "I here pass over in silence; 
for it is forbidden to disclose such things to the Profane." Palladius, in his life 
of Chrysostom, records, as a great outrage, that, a tumult having been 
excited against him by his enemies, they forced their way into the penetralia, 
where the uninitiated beheld what was not proper for them to see; and 
Chrysostom mentions the same circumstance in his epistle to Pope Innocent. 
St. Cyril of Alexandria, who was made Bishop in 412, and died in 444, says in 
his 7th Book against Julian: "These Mysteries are so profound and so exalted, 
that they can be comprehended by those only who are enlightened. I shall 
not, therefore, attempt to speak of what is so admirable in them, lest by 
discovering them to
the uninitiated, I should offend against the injunction not to give what is 
holy to the impure, nor cast pearls before such as cannot estimate their 
worth….. I should say much more, if I were not afraid of being heard by 
those who are uninitiated: because men are apt to deride what they do 
not understand. And the ignorant, not being aware of the weakness of 
their minds, condemn what they ought most to venerate." 
Theodoret, Bishop of Cyropolis in Syria, was born in 393, and made 
Bishop in 420. In one of his three Dialogues, called the Immutable, he 
introduces Orthodoxus, speaking thus: "Answer me, if you please, in 
mystical or obscure terms: for perhaps there are some persons present 
who are not initiated into the Mysteries." And in his preface to Ezekiel, 
tracing up the secret discipline to the commencement of the Christian era, 
he says: "These Mysteries are so august, that we ought to keep them with 
the greatest caution." 
Minucius Felix, an eminent lawyer of Rome, who lived in 212, and wrote a 
defence of Christianity, says: "Many of them [the Christians] know each 
other by tokens and signs (notis et insignibus), and they form a friendship 
for each other, almost before they become acquainted." 
The Latin Word, tessera, originally meant a square piece of wood or 
stone, used in making tesselated pavements; afterward a tablet on which 
anything was written, and then a cube or die. Its most general use was to 
designate a piece of metal or wood, square in shape, on which the 
watchword of an Army was inscribed; whence tessera came to mean the 
watchword itself. There was also a tessera hospitalis, which was a piece 
of wood cut into two parts, as a pledge of friendship. Each party kept one 
of the parts; and they swore mutual fidelity by Jupiter. To break the 
tessera was considered a dissolution of the friendship. The early 
Christians used it as a Mark, the watchword of friendship. With them it 
was generally in the shape of a fish, and made of bone. On its face was 
inscribed the word , a fish, the initials of which represented the Greek 
words, ; Jesus Christ, the Son of God, the Saviour. 
St. Augustine (de Fide et Svmbolis) says: "This is the faith which in a few 
words is given to the Novices to be kept by a symbol; these few words are 
known to all the Faithful; that by believing they may be submissive to 
God; by being thus submissive, they
may live rightly; by living rightly, they may purify their hearts and with a pure heart 
may understand what they believe." 
Maximus Taurinus says: "The tessera is a symbol and sign by which to distinguish 
between the Faithful and the Profane." 
There are three Degrees in Blue Masonry; and in addition to the two words of two 
syllables each, embodying the binary, three, of three syllables each. There were 
three Grand Masters, the two Kings, and Khir-Om the Artificer. The candidate gains 
admission by three raps, and three raps call up the Brethren. There are three 
principal officers of the Lodge, three lights at the Altar, three gates -of the Temple, 
all in the East, West, and South. The three lights represent the Sun, the Moon, and 
Mercury; Osiris, Isis, and Horus; the Father, the Mother, and the Child; Wisdom, 
Strength, and Beauty; Hakamah, Binah, and Daath; Gedulah, Geburah, nd 
Tepareth. The candidate makes three circuits of the Lodge: there were three 
assassins of Khir-Om, and he was slain by three blows while seeking to escape by 
the three gates of the Temple. The ejaculation at his grave was repeated three 
times. There are three* divisions of the Temple, and three, five, and seven Steps. A 
Master works with Chalk, Charcoal, and a vessel of Clay; there are -.hree movable 
and three immovable jewels. The Triangle appears among the Symbols: the two 
parallel lines enclosing the circle are connected at top, as are the Columns Jachin 
and Boaz, symbolizing the equilibrium which explains the great Mysteries of Nature. 
This continual reproduction of the number three is not accidental, nor without a 
profound meaning: and we shall find the same repeated in all the Ancient 
philosophies. 
The Egyptian Gods formed Triads, the third member in each proceeding from the 
other two. Thus we have the Triad of Thebes, Amun, Maut, and Kharso; that of 
Philae, Osiris, Isis, and Horus; that of Elephantinë and the Cataracts, Neph, Sate, 
and Anoukë. 
Osiris, Isis, and Horus were the Father, Mother, and Son; the latter being Light, the 
Soul of the World, the Son, the Protogonos or First-Begotten. 
Sometimes this Triad was regarded as SPIRIT, or the active Principle or Generative 
Power; MATTER, or the PASSIVE Principle or Productive Capacity; and the 
Universe, which proceeds from the two Principles. 
We also find in Egypt this Triad or Trinity; Ammon-Ra, the Creator: Osiris-Ra. the 
Giver of Fruitfulness: Horus-Ra the
Queller of Light; symbolized by the Summer, Autumn, and Spring Sun. For the 
Egyptians had but three Seasons, the three gates of the Temple; and on account of 
the different effects of the Sun on those three Seasons, the Deity appears in these 
three forms. 
The Phoenician Trinity was Ulomos, Chusoros, and the Egg out of which the Universe 
proceeded. 
The Chaldean Triad consisted of Bel, [the Persian Zervana Akherana], Oromasdes, 
and Ahriman; the Good and Evil Principle alike outflowing from the Father, by their 
equilibrium and alternating preponderance to produce harmony. Each was to rule, in 
turn, for equal periods, until finally the Evil Principle should itself become good. 
The Chaldean and Persian oracles of Zoroaster give us the Triad, Fire, Light, and 
Ether. 
Orpheus celebrates the Triad of Phanes, Ouranos, and Kronos. Corry says the Orphic 
Trinity consisted of Metis, Phanes, and Ericapaeus; Will, Light or Love, and Life. 
Acusilaus makes it consist of Metis, Eros, and Æther: Will, Love, and Ether. 
Phereycides of Syros, of Fire, Water, and Air or Spirit. In the two former we readily 
recognize Osiris and Isis, the Sun and the Nile. 
The first three of the Persian Amshaspands were BAHMAN, the Lord of LIGHT; 
Ardibehest, the Lord Of FIRE; and Shariver, the Lord of SPLENDOR. These at once 
lead us back to the Kabala. 
Plutarch says: "The better and diviner nature consists of three; the Intelligible (i.e. that 
and which exists within the Intellect only as yet), and Matter; , and that 
which proceeds from these, which the Greeks call Kosmos: of which Plato calls the 
Intelligible, the Idea, the Exemplar, the Father: Matter, the Mother, the Nurse, and the 
receptacle and place of generation: and the issue of these two, the Offspring and 
Genesis." 
The Pythagorean fragments say: "Therefore, before the Heaven was made, there 
existed Idea and Matter, and God the Demiourgos [workman or active instrument], of 
the former. He made the world out of matter, perfect, only-begotten, with a soul and 
intellect, and constituted it a divinity." 
Plato gives us Thought, the Father; Primitive Matter, the Mother; and Kosmos, the 
Son, the issue of the two Principles. Kosmos is the ensouled Universe. 
With the later Platonists, the Triad was Potence, Intellect, and Spirit, Philo represents 
Sanchoniathon's as Fire, Light, and
Flame, the three Sons of Genos; but this is the Alexandrian, not the 
Phœnician idea. 
Aurelius says the Demiourgos or Creator is triple, and the three Intellects 
are the three Kings: He who exists; He who possesses; He who beholds. 
The first is that which exists by its essence; the second exists in the first, 
and contains or possesses in itself the Universal of things; all that 
afterward becomes: the third beholds this Universal, formed and 
fashioned intellectually, and so having a separate existence. The Third 
exists in the Second, and the Second in the First. 
The most ancient Trinitarian doctrine on record is that of the Brahmins. 
The Eternal Supreme Essence, called PARABRAHMA, BRAHM, 
PARATMA, produced the Universe by self-reflection, and first revealed 
himself as BRAHMA, the Creating Power, then as VISHNU, the 
Preserving Power, and lastly as SIVA, the Destroying and Renovating 
Power; the three Modes in which the Supreme Essence reveals himself in 
the material Universe; but which soon to be regarded as three distinct 
Deities. These three Deities came they styled the TRIMURTI, or TRIAD. 
The Persians received from the Indians the doctrine of the three 
principles, and changed it to that of a principle of Life, which was 
individualized by the Sun, and a principle of Death, which was symbolized 
by cold and darkness; parallel of the moral world; and in which the 
continual and alternating struggle between light and darkness, life and 
death, seemed but a phase of the great struggle between the good and 
evil principles, embodied in the legend of ORMUZD and AHRIMAN. 
MITHRAS, a Median reformer, was deified after his death, and invested 
with the attributes of the Sun; the different astronomical phenomena being 
figuratively detailed as actual incidents of his life; in the same manner as 
the history of BUDDHA was invented among the Hindüs. 
The Trinity of the Hindüs became among the Ethiopians and Abyssinians 
NEPH-AMON, PHTHA, and NEITH - the God CREATOR, whose emblem 
was a ram - MATTER, or the primitive mud, symbolized by a globe or an 
egg, and THOUGHT, or the LIGHT which contains the germ of everything; 
triple manifestation of one and the same God (ATHOM), considered in 
three aspects, as the creative power, goodness, and wisdom. Other 
Deities were speedily invented; and among them OSTRIS, represented by 
the Sun, ISIS, his wife, by the Moon or Earth, TYPHON, his Brother, the
Principle of Evil and Darkness, who was the son of Osiris and Isis. And 
the Trinity of OSIRIS, ISIS, and HORUS became subsequently the Chief 
Gods and objects of worship of the Egyptians. 
The ancient Etruscans (a race that emigrated from the Rhætian Alps into 
Italy, along whose route evidences of their migration have been 
discovered, and whose language none have yet succeeded in reading) 
acknowledged only one Supreme God; but they had images for His 
different attributes, and temples to these images. Each town had one 
National Temple, dedicated to the three great attributes of God, 
STRENGTH, RICHES, and WISDOM, or Tina, Talna, and Minerva. The 
National Deity was always a Triad under one roof; and it was the same in 
Egypt, where one Supreme God alone was acknowledged, but was 
worshipped as a Triad, with different names in each different home. Each 
city in Etruria might have as many gods and gates and temples as it 
pleased; but three sacred gates, and one Temple to three Divine 
Attributes were obligatory, wherever the laws of Tages (or Taunt or Thoth) 
were received. The only gate that remains in Italy, of the olden time, 
undestroyed, is the Porta del Circo at Volterra; and it has upon it the three 
heads of the three National Divinities, one upon the keystone of its 
magnificent arch, and one above each side-pillar. 
The Buddhists hold that the God SAKYA of the Hindüs, called in Ceylon, 
GAUTAMA, in India beyond the Ganges, SOMONAKODOM, and in 
China, CHY-KIA, or Fo, constituted a Trinity [TRIRATNA], of BUDDHA, 
DHARMA, and SANGA, - Intelligence, Law, and Union or Harmony. 
The Chinese Sabæans represented the Supreme Deity as composed of 
CHANG-TI, the Supreme Sovereign; TIEN, the Heavens; and TAO, the 
Universal Supreme Reason and Principle of Faith; and that from Chaos, 
an immense silence, an immeasurable void. without perceptible forms, 
alone, infinite, immutable, moving in a circle in illimitable space, without 
change or alteration, when vivified by the Principle of Truth, issued all 
Beings, under the influence of TAO, Principle of Faith, who produced one, 
one produced two, two produced three, and three produced all that is. 
The Sclavono-Vendes typified the Trinity by the three heads of the God 
TRIGLAV; and the Pruczi or Prussians by the Tri-une God, PERKOUN, 
PIKOLLOS, and POTRIMPOS, the Deities of Light
and Thunder, of Hell and the Earth, its fruits and animals: and the 
Scandinavians by ODIN, FREA, and THOR. 
In the KABALAH, or the Hebrew traditional philosophy, the Infinite Deity, 
beyond the reach of the Human Intellect, and without Name, Form, or 
Limitation, was represented as developing Himself, in order to create, and 
by self-limitation, in ten emanations or out-flowings, called SEPHIROTH, 
or rays, The first of these, in the world AZILUTH, that is, within the Deity, 
was KETHER, or the Crown, by which we understand the Divine Will or 
Potency. Next came, as a pair, HAI",MAH and BAINAH, ordinarily 
translated "Wisdom" and "Intelligence," the former termed the FATHER, 
and the latter the MOTHER. HAKEMAH is the active Power or Energy of 
Deity, by which He produces within Himself Intellection or Thinking: and 
BAINAH, the passive Capacity, from which, acted on by the Power, the 
Intellection flows. This Intellection is called DAATH: and it is the "WORD," 
of Plato and the Gnostics; the unuttered word, within the Deity. Here is 
the origin of the Trinity of the Father, the Mother or Holy Spirit, and the 
Son or Word. 
Another Trinity was composed of the fourth Sephirah, GEDULAH or 
KHASW, Benignity or Mercy, also termed FATHER (Aba); the fifth, 
GEBURAH, Severity or Strict Justice, also termed the MOTHER (Imma); 
and the sixth, the SON or Issue of these, TIPHARETH, Beauty or 
Harmony. "Everything," says the SOHAR, “proceeds according to the 
Mystery of the Balance" - that is, by the equilibrium of Opposites: and 
thus from the Infinite Mercy and the Infinite justice, in equilibrium, flows 
the perfect Harmony of the Universe. Infinite POWER, which is Lawless, 
and Infinite WISDOM, in Equilibrium, also produce BEAUTY or 
HARMONY, as Son, Issue, or Result - the Word, or utterance of the 
Thought of God. Power and Justice or Severity are the same: Wisdom 
and Mercy or Benignity are the same; - in the Infinite Divine Nature. 
According to Philo of Alexandria, the Supreme Being, Primitive Light or 
Archetype of Light, uniting with WISDOM [ ], the mother of Creation, 
forms in Himself the types of all things, and acts upon the Universe through 
the WORD [ . . Logos], who dwells in God, and in whom all His powers 
and attributes develop themselves; a doctrine borrowed by him from Plato. 
Simon Magus and his disciples taught that the Supreme Being or Centre of 
Light produced first of all, three couples of united
Existences, of both sexes, [ ... Suzugias], which were the origins of all 
things: REASON and INVENTIVENESS; SPEECH and THOUGHT; 
and and , CALCULATION and REFLECTION: [ 
and 
, 
… Nöus and Epinoia, Phöne and Ennoia, Logismos and 
Enthumësis]; of which Ennoia or WISDOM was the first produced, and Mother 
of all that exists. 
Other Disciples of Simon, and with them most of the Gnostics, adopting and 
… Pleröma, or PLENITUDE of modifying the doctrine, taught that the 
Superior Intelligences, having the Supreme Being at their head, was 
composed of eight Eons [ . . Aiönes] of different sexes; . . PROFUNDITY 
and SILENCE; SPIRIT and TRUTH; the WORD and LIFE; MAN and the 
; and ; and and : and CHURCH: [ 
…. Buthos and Sigë; Pneuma and Aletheia; Logos and 
and Zöe; Anthröpos and Ekklësia]. 
Bardesanes, whose doctrines the Syrian Christians long embraced, taught 
that the unknown Father, happy in the Plenitude of His Life and Perfections, 
first produced a Companion for Himself [ ... Suzugos], whom He placed 
in the Celestial Paradise and who became, by Him, the Mother of CHRISTOS, 
Son of the Living God: i.e. (laying aside the allegory), that the Eternal 
conceived, in the silence of His decrees, the Thought of revealing Himself by 
a Being who should be His image or His Son: that to the Son succeeded his 
Sister and Spouse, the Holy Spirit, and they produced four Spirits of the 
elements, male and female, Maio and Jabseho, Nouro and Rucho; then Seven 
Mystic Couples of Spirits, and Heaven and Earth, and all that is; then seven 
spirits governing the planets, twelve governing the Constellations of the 
Zodiac, and thirty-six Starry Intelligences whom he called Deacons: while the 
Holy Spirit [Sophia Achamoth], being both the Holy Intelligence and the Soul 
of the physical world, went from the Pleröma into that material world and there 
mourned her degradation, until CHRISTOS, her former spouse, coming to her 
with his Divine Light and Love, guided her in the way to purification, and she 
again united herself with him as his primitive Companion. 
Basilides, the Christian Gnostic, taught that there were seven emanations 
from the Supreme Being: The First-born, Thought, the Word, Reflection, 
, , , , , Wisdom, Power, and Righteousness [ ,
and Protogonos, Nous, Logos, Phronesis, Sophia, Dunamis, and 
Dikarosunë]; from whom emanated other Intelligences in succession, to the 
number, in all, of three hundred and sixty-five; which were God manifested, and 
composed the Plenitude of the Divine Emanations, or the God Abraxas; of which 
the Thought [or Intellect, . . Nous] united itself, by baptism in the river 
Jordan, with the man Jesus, servant [ . Diakonos] of the human race; but 
did not suffer with Him; and the disciples of Basilides taught that the , put on 
the appearance only of humanity, and that Simon of Cyrene was crucified in His 
stead and ascended into Heaven. 
Basilides held that out of the unrevealed God, who is at the head, of the world of 
emanations, and exalted above all conception or designation 
[ ], were evolved seven living, self-subsistent, ever-active 
hyposatized powers: 
1st. NOUS ................. 
2d. LOGOS ............... 
3d. Phronesis ............ 
4th. Sophia................ 
SECOND: THE ACTIVE OR OPERATIVE POWER. 
5th. Dunamis............. 
6th. Dikaiosunë ......... 
7th. Eirënë................. 
These Seven Powers ( .. Dunameis), with the Primal Ground out of 
which they were evolved, constituted in his scheme the [Prote 
Ogdoas], or First Octave, the root of all Existence. From this point, the spiritual 
life proceeded to evolve out of itself continually many gradations of existence, 
each lower one being still the impression, the antetype, of the immediate higher 
one. He supposed there were 365 of these regions or gradations, expressed by 
the mystical word 

FIRST: THE INTELLECTUAL POWERS. 
...................... The Mind. 
................ The Reason. 
........... The Thinking Power. 
................. Wisdom. 
............ Might, accomplishing the purposes of 
Wisdom. 
THIRD: THE MORAL ATTRIBUTES. 
...... Holiness or Moral Perfection. 
................ Inward Tranquility. 
[Abraxas].
The is thus interpreted, by the usual method of reckoning Greek letters 
numerically….. a,1 .. b,1 ….j,100 …. a,1 …. x,60.. a,1 . . x,200 = 365: which is 
the whole Emanation-World, as the development of the Supreme Being. 
In the system of Basilides, Light, Life, Soul, and Good were opposed to 
Darkness, Death, Matter, and Evil, throughout the whole course of the Universe. 
According to the Gnostic view, God was represented as the immanent, 
incomprehensible and original source of all perfection; the unfathomable ABYSS 
( . . buthos), according to Valentinus, exalted above all possibility of 
designation; of whom, properly speaking, nothing can be predicated; the 
of Basilides, the of Philo. From this incomprehensible Essence of 
God, an immediate transition to finite things is inconceivable. Self-limitation is 
the first beginning of a communication of life on the part of God - the first 
passing of the hidden Deity into manifestation; and from this proceeds all further 
self-developing manifestation of the Divine Essence. From this primal link in the 
chain of life there are evolved, in the first place, the manifold powers or 
attributes inherent in the divine Essence, which, until that first selfcomprehension, 
were all hidden in the Abyss of His Essence. Each of these 
attributes presents the whole divine Essence under one particular aspect; and to 
each, therefore, in this respect, the title of God may appropriately be applied. 
These Divine Powers evolving themselves to self-subsistence, become 
thereupon the germs and principles of all further developments of life. The life 
contained in them unfolds and individualizes itself more and more, but in such a 
way that the successive grades of this evolution of life continually sink lower and 
lower; the spirits become feebler, the further they are removed from the first link 
in the series. 
The first manifestation they termed 
heautou] or 
was hypostatically represented in a or 
[protë katalëpsis 
[proton katalëpton tou Theou]; which 
[Nous or Logos]. 
In the Alexandrian Gnosis, the Platonic notion of the [Hulë] predominates. 
This is the dead, the unsubstantial - the boundary that limits from without the 
evolution of life in its gradually advancing progression, whereby the Perfect is 
ever evolving itself into the less Perfect. This again, is represented under 
various images; - at one time as the darkness that exists alongside of the light; 
at another, as the void [ , 
.... Kenoma, Kenon], in opposition to the Fullness, [ .... Plëroma] of 
the Divine Life; or as the shadow that accompanies the light; or as the 
chaos, or the sluggish, stagnant, dark water. This matter, dead in itself, 
possesses by its own nature no inherent tendency; as life of every sort is 
foreign to it, itself makes no encroachment on the Divine. As, however, 
the evolutions of the Divine Life (the essences developing themselves out 
of the progressive emanation) become feebler, the further they are 
removed from the first link in the series; and as their connection with the 
first becomes looser at each successive step, there arises at the last step 
of the evolution, an imperfect, defective product, which, unable to retain 
its connection with the chain of Divine Life, sinks from the World of Eons 
into the material chaos: or, according to the same notion, somewhat 
differently expressed [according to the Ophites and to Bardesanes], a 
drop from the fullness of the Divine life bubbles over into the bordering 
void. Hereupon the dead matter, by commixture with the living principle, 
which it wanted, first of all receives animation. But, at the same time, also, 
the divine, the living, becomes corrupted by mingling with the chaotic 
mass. Existence now multiplies itself. There arises a subordinate, 
defective life; there is ground for a new world; a creation starts into being, 
beyond the confines of the world of emanation. But, on the other hand, 
since the chaotic principle of matter has acquired vitality, there now arises 
a more distinct and more active opposition to the God-like - a barely 
negative, blind, ungodly nature-power, which obstinately resists all 
influence of the Divine; hence, as products of the spirit of the (of the 
.. Pneuma Hulikon), are Satan, malignant spirits, wicked men, 
in none of whom is there any reasonable or moral principle, or any 
principle of a rational will; but blind passions alone have the ascendency. 
In them there is the same conflict, as the scheme of Platonism supposes, 
between the soul under the guidance of Divine reason [the . . Nous], 
and the soul blindly resisting reason - between the [pronoia] and 
the [anagë], the Divine Principle and the natural. 
The Syrian Gnosis assumed the existence of an active, turbulent kingdom 
of evil, or of darkness, which, by its encroachments on the kingdom of 
light, brought about a commixture of the light with the darkness, of the 
God-like with the ungodlike. 
Even among the Platonists, some thought that along with an
organized, inert matter, the substratum of the corporeal world, there 
existed from the beginning a blind, lawless motive power, an ungodlike 
soul, as its original motive and active principle. As the inorganic matter 
was organized into a corporeal world, by the plastic power of the Deity, 
so, by the same power, law and reason were communicated to that 
turbulent, irrational soul. Thus the chaos of the was transformed into 
an organized world, and that blind soul into a rational principle, a 
mundane soul, animating the Universe. As from the latter proceeds all 
rational, spiritual life in humanity, so from the former proceeds all that is 
irrational, all that is under the blind sway of passion and appetite; and all 
malignant spirits are its progeny. 

In one respect all the Gnostics agreed: they all held, that there was a 
world purely emanating out of the vital development of God, a creation 
evolved directly out of the Divine Essence, far exalted above any outward 
creation produced by God's plastic power, and conditioned by pre-existing 
matter. They agreed in holding that the framer of this lower world was not 
the Father of that higher world of emanation; but the Demiurge [ - 
], a being of a kindred nature with the Universe framed and governed 
by him, and far inferior to that higher system and the Father of it. 
But some, setting out from ideas which had long prevailed among certain 
Jews of Alexandria, supposed that the Supreme God created and 
governed the world by His ministering spirits, by the angels. At the head 
of these angels stood one who had the direction and control of all; 
therefore called the Artificer and Governor of the World. This Demiurge 
they compared with the plastic, animating, mundane spirit of Plato and 
….Deuteros Theos; the Platonists [the …. Theos 
Genetos], who, moreover, according to the Timæus of Plato, strives to 
represent the IDEA of the Divine Reason, in that which is becoming (as 
contradistinguished from that which is) and temporal. This angel is a 
representative of the Supreme God, on the lower stage of existence: he 
does not act independently, but merely according to the ideas inspired in 
him by the Supreme God; just as the plastic, mundane soul of the 
Platonists creates all things after the pattern of the ideas communicated 
.... Nous - the by the Supreme .Reason [ ... ho esti zöon - the 
paradeigma, of the Divine Reason hypostatized].
But these ideas transcend his limited essence; he cannot understand 
them; he is merely their unconscious organ; and therefore is unable 
himself to comprehend the whole scope and meaning of the work which 
lie performs. As an organ under the guidance of a higher inspiration, he 
reveals higher truths than he himself can comprehend. The mass of the 
Jews, they held, recognized not the angel, by whom, in all the 
Theophanies of the Old Testament, God revealed Himself ; they knew not 
the Demiurge in his true relation to the hidden Supreme God, who never 
reveals Himself in the sensible world. They confounded the type and the 
archetype, the symbol and the idea. They rose no higher than the 
Demiurge; they took him to be the Supreme God Himself. But the spiritual 
men among them, on the contrary, clearly perceived, or at least divined, 
the ideas veiled under Judaism; they rose beyond the Demiurge, to a 
knowledge of the Supreme God; and are therefore properly His 
. . Therapeutai]. worshippers [ 
Other Gnostics, who had not been followers of the Mosaic religion, but 
who had, at an earlier period, framed to themselves an oriental Gnosis, 
regarded the Demiurge as a being absolutely hostile to the Supreme God. 
He and his angels, notwithstanding their finite nature, wish to establish 
their independence: they will tolerate no foreign rule within their realm. 
Whatever of a higher nature descends into their kingdom, they seek to 
hold imprisoned there, lest it should raise itself above their narrow 
precincts. Probably, in this system, the kingdom of the Demiurgic Angels 
corresponded, for the most part, with that of the deceitful Star-Spirits, who 
seek to rob man of his freedom, to beguile him by various arts of 
deception, and who exercise a tyrannical sway over the things of this 
world. Accordingly, in the system of these Sabæans, the seven Planet- 
Spirits, and the twelve Star-Spirits of the zodiac, who sprang from an 
irregular connection between the cheated Fetahil and the Spirit of 
Darkness, play an important part in everything that is bad. The Demiurge 
is a limited and limiting being, proud, jealous, and revengeful; and this his 
character betrays itself in the Old Testament, which, the Gnostics held, 
came from him. They transferred to the Demiurge himself, whatever in the 
idea of God, as presented by the Old Testament, appeared to them 
defective. Against his will and rule the was continually rebelling, 
revolting without control against the dominion which he, the fashioner, 
would exercise over it,
casting off the yoke imposed on it, and destroying the work he had begun. 
The same jealous being, limited in his power, ruling with despotic sway, 
they imagined they saw in nature. He strives to check the germination of 
the divine seeds of life which the Supreme God of Holiness and Love, 
who has no connection whatever with the sensible world, has scattered 
among men. That perfect God was at most known and worshipped in 
Mysteries by a few spiritual men. 
The Gospel of St. John is in great measure a polemic against the 
Gnostics, whose different sects, to solve the great problems, the creation 
of a material world by an immaterial Being, the fall of man, the 
incarnation, the redemption and restoration of the spirits called men, 
admitted a long series of intelligences, intervening in a series of spiritual 
operations; and which they designated by the names, The Beginning, the 
Word, the Only-Begotten, Life, Light, and Spirit [Ghost]: in Greek, , 
, Mo- and [Archë, Logos, Monogenës, Zöe, , 
Phös, and Pneuma]. St. John, at the beginning of his Gospel, avers that it 
was Jesus Christ who existed in the Beginning; that He was the WORD of 
God by which everything was made; that He was the Only-Begotten, the 
Life and the Light, and that He diffuses among men the Holy Spirit [or 
Ghost], the Divine Life and Light. 
So the Plëroma [ ], Plenitude or Fullness, was a favorite term with 
the Gnostics, and Truth and Grace were the Gnostic Eons; and the 
Simonians, Dokëtës, and other Gnostics held that the Eon Christ Jesus 
was never really, but only apparently clothed with a human body: but St. 
John replies that the Word did really become Flesh, and dwelt among us; 
and that in Him were the Plëroma and Truth and Grace. 
In the doctrine of Valentinus, reared a Christian at Alexandria, God was a 
perfect Being, an Abyss [ . . Buthos], which no intelligence could 
sound, because no eye could reach the invisible and ineffable heights on 
which He dwelt, and no mind could comprehend the duration of His 
existence; He has always been; He is the Primitive Father and Beginning 
and [the . . Propatör and Proarchë]: He will BE always, and 
does not grow old. The development of His Perfections produced the 
intellectual world. After having passed infinite ages in repose and silence, 
He manifested Himself by His Thought, source of all His manifestations, 
and which received from Him the germ of His
.. Ennoia] is also creations. Being of His Being, His Thought [ 
termed [Charis], Grace or Joy, and , or [Sigë or Arrëton], 
Silence or the Ineffable. Its first manifestation was [Nous], the 
Intelligence, first of the Eons, commencement of all things, first revelation 
of the Divinity, the [Monogenës], or Only-Begotten: next, Truth 
[ - … Alëtheia], his companion. Their manifestations were the Word 
….Zoë] and theirs, Man and the Church and .. Logos] and Life [ [
[ and …. Anthröpos and Ekklësia]: and from these, other 
twelve, six of whom were Hope, Faith, Charity, Intelligence, Happiness, 
and Wisdom; or, in the Hebrew, Kesten, Kina, Amphe, Ouananim, 
Thaedes, and Oubina. The harmony of the Eons, struggling to know and 
be united to the Primitive God, was disturbed, and to redeem and restore 
them, the Intelligence [ ] produced Christ and the Holy Spirit His 
companion; who restored them to their first estate of happiness and 
harmony; and thereupon they formed the Eon Jesus, born of a Virgin, to 
whom the Christos united himself in baptism and who, with his 
Companion Sophia-Achamoth, saved and redeemed the world. 
The Marcosians taught that the Supreme Deity produced by His words the 
[Logos] or Plenitude of Eons: His first utterance was a syllable of 
four letters, each of which became a being; His second of four, His third of 
ten, and His fourth of twelve: thirty in all, which constituted the f 
[Plëroma]. 
The Valentinians, and others of the Gnostics, distinguished three orders 
of existences: - 1st. The divine germs of life, exalted by their nature above 
matter, and akin to the (Sophia], to the mundane soul and to the 
Plëroma:- the spiritual natures, [Phuseis Pneumatikai]: 2d. 
The natures originating in the life, divided from the former by the mixture 
, - the psychical natures, of the [Phuseis Psuchikai]; with 
which begins a perfectly new order of existence, an image of that higher 
mind and system, in a subordinate grade; and finally, 3d. The Ungodlike 
or Hylic Nature, which resists all amelioration, and whose tendency is 
only to destroy - the nature of blind lust and passion. 
The nature of the 
relationship with God (the 
[pneumatikon], the spiritual, is essential 
…. Homo-ousion tö Theö): hence 
the life of Unity, the undivided, the
, absolutely simple ( …. Ousia henike, monoeides). 
[psuchikoi) is disruption into multiplicity, The essence of the 
manifoldness; which, however, is subordinate to a higher unity, by which it 
allows itself to be guided, first unconsciously, then consciously. 
The essence of the [Hulikoi] (of whom Satan is the head), is the 
direct opposite to all unity; disruption and disunion in itself, without the 
least sympathy, without any point of coalescence whatever for unity; 
together with an effort to destroy all unity, to extend its own inherent 
disunion to everything, and to rend everything asunder. This principle has 
no power to posit anything; but only to negative: it is unable to create, to 
produce, to form, but only to destroy, to decompose. 
By Marcus, the disciple of Valentinus, the idea of a [Logos 
Tou Ontos], of a WORD, manifesting the hidden Divine Essence, in the 
Creation, was spun out into the most subtle details - the entire creation 
being, in his view, a continuous utterance of the Ineffable. The way in 
which the germs of divine life [the …. spermata 
pneumatika], which lie shut up in the Eons, continually unfold and 
individualize them selves more and more, is represented as a 
spontaneous analysis of the several names of the Ineffable, into their 
several sounds. An echo of the Plëroma falls down into the [HuIë], and 
becomes the forming of a new but lower creation. 
One formula of the pneumatical baptism among the Gnostics ran thus: "In 
the NAME which is hidden from all the Divinities and Powers" [of the 
Demiurge], "The Name of Truth" [the [Aletheial, self-manifestation of 
the Buthos], which Jesus of Nazareth has put on in the light-zones of 
Christ, the living Christ, through the Holy Ghost, for the redemption of the 
angels, - the Name by which all things attain to Perfection." The candidate 
then said: "I am established and redeemed; I am redeemed in my soul 
from this world, and from all that belongs to it, by the name of , who 
has redeemed the Soul of Jesus by the living Christ." The assembly then 
said: "Peace (or Salvation) to all on whom this name rests!" 
The boy Dionusos, torn in pieces, according to the Bacchic Mysteries, by 
the Titans, was considered by the Manicheans as simply representing the 
Soul, swallowed up by the powers of dark-
ness, - the divine life rent into fragments by matter: - that part of the 
luminous essence of the primitive man [the [Protos 
Anthropos] of Mani, the [Praön Anthröpos] of the 
Valentinians, the Adam Kadmon of the Kabalah; and the Kalomorts of the 
Zendavesta], swallowed up by the powers of darkness; the Mundane 
Soul, mixed with matter - the seed of divine life, which had fallen into 
matter, and had thence to undergo a process of purification and 
development. 
The [Gnosis] of Carpocrates and his son Epiphanes consisted in 
the knowledge of one Supreme Original being, the highest unity, from 
whom all existence has emanated, and to whom it strives to return. The 
finite spirits that rule over the several portions of the Earth, seek to 
counteract this universal tendency to unity; and from their influence, their 
laws, and arrangements, proceeds all that checks, disturbs, or limits the 
original communion, which is the basis of nature, as the outward 
manifestation of that highest Unity. These spirits, moreover, seek to retain 
under their dominion the souls which, emanating from the highest Unity, 
and still partaking of its nature, have lapsed into the corporeal world, and 
have there been imprisoned in bodies, in order, under their dominion, to 
be kept within the cycle of migration. From these finite spirits, the popular 
religions of different nations derive their origin. But the souls which, from 
a reminiscence of their former condition, soar upward to the 
contemplation of that higher Unity, reach to such perfect freedom and 
repose, as nothing afterward can disturb or limit, and rise superior to the 
popular deities and religions. As examples of this sort, they named 
Pythagoras, Plato, Aristotle, and Christ. They made no distinction 
between the latter and the wise and good men of every nation. They 
taught that any other soul which could soar to the same height of 
contemplation, might be regarded as equal with Him. 
The Ophites commenced their system with a Supreme Being, long 
unknown to the Human race, and still so the greater number of men; the 
[Buthos], or Profundity, Source of Light, and of Adam-Kadmon, the 
Primitive Man, made by the Demiourgos, but perfected by the Supreme 
God by the communication to him of the Spirit [ . . Pneuma]. The first 
emanation was the Thought of the Supreme Deity [the .. Ennoia], 
the